Mammogram
What is a mammogram?
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in Singapore, with a rising incidence over the past few decades. Early detection through regular screenings is crucial in improving survival rates and treatment outcomes for patients with breast cancer.
At Ardennes Health, our 2D mammogram is a specialised medical imaging technique that uses low-dose X-rays to create detailed images of the breast. It captures two-dimensional images of the breast from different angles. This screening tool is essential for the early detection and diagnosis of breast diseases, particularly breast cancer.
Mammograms are a crucial part of breast health management and are recommended for women as they age or if they have specific risk factors for breast cancer. Regular screenings can detect changes in the breast tissue early, often before any physical symptoms are noticeable, which increases the chances of successful treatment and recovery.
How does a mammogram work?
A mammogram works by utilising low-dose X-rays to capture detailed images of the breast tissue. During the procedure, the breast is placed on a flat support plate and gently compressed with a parallel plate. This compression is essential as it spreads out the breast tissue, which allows for a clearer view and reduces the amount of radiation needed. The X-ray machine then emits a small amount of radiation, which passes through the breast to create an image on a special film or digital detector.
Dense tissues, like tumours or masses, appear white on the mammogram, while fatty tissues appear darker. This contrast helps radiologists identify any abnormalities or changes in the breast tissue that may require further investigation. The process is quick, typically taking only a few minutes, and while some women may experience slight discomfort from the compression, it is generally well-tolerated and highly effective for early detection of breast cancer.
Benefits of a mammogram
Mammograms are a vital tool in the early detection and diagnosis of breast cancer, and they offer numerous benefits that significantly contribute to breast health management.
- Early detection: mammograms can detect breast cancer early, often before symptoms appear, which increases the chances of successful treatment and reduces the need for aggressive therapies.
- Improved outcomes: early detection through mammograms leads to better treatment options and higher survival rates, as smaller, localised tumours are easier to treat.
- Comprehensive screening: mammograms can identify not only cancer but also other breast abnormalities like cysts and benign tumours, which helps ensure the timely management of disease.
- Mortality reduction: regular mammogram screenings have been shown to significantly reduce breast cancer mortality by catching cancers early when they are most treatable.
- Baseline comparison: initial mammograms serve as a baseline for future screenings, which helps radiologists detect any changes in breast tissue over time.
When are mammograms recommended?
Depending on your unique condition, mammogram recommendations may vary;
- Routine screening: every year for ages 40 to 49, and every 2 years for ages 50 to 70, depending on individual risk factors. Early detection is key to successful treatment and better outcomes.
- Family history of breast cancer: if you have a family history of breast cancer, especially in a first-degree relative (mother, sister, or daughter), we may suggest starting mammogram screenings earlier and more frequently to monitor any potential risks.
- Previous breast cancer: if you have had breast cancer in the past, regular mammograms are essential to check for any recurrence or new developments. Our team will create a personalised screening schedule to ensure ongoing monitoring.
- Identified risk factors: women with certain risk factors, such as dense breast tissue, genetic mutations (like BRCA1 or BRCA2), or a history of radiation therapy to the chest, may benefit from earlier and more frequent screenings.
- Symptoms or abnormalities: if you notice any changes in your breast, such as lumps, pain, discharge, or skin changes, we recommend scheduling a mammogram to investigate these symptoms promptly.
- Baseline screening: for women between the ages of 35 and 40, we often recommend a baseline mammogram. This initial screening serves as a comparison point for future mammograms, which helps us detect any changes over time.
At Ardennes Health, we tailor our mammogram recommendations to fit your health needs and risk factors. Our team is here to guide you through the process, ensuring you receive the best support for your breast health.
What results can I expect from a mammogram?
Essentially, the results of a mammogram will indicate the health levels of your breast. These findings will pave a strategic plan for future treatment plans should any breast disease be indicated. Where results indicate pristine health, a unique recommendation on when your next screening should be scheduled will be determined.
Results of mammograms are reported using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS®) which was developed by the American College of Radiology to provide a standard way to describe mammography findings (with categories numbered 0 to 6). Below are the classifications and what they entail;
| Category | Assessment | Deduction | Follow-up and outcome |
| 0 | Need additional imaging evaluation | More information is needed to assign a BI-RADS score. A second mammogram or a breast ultrasound may be necessary. | Follow-up can only be determined when a BI-RADS score is assigned with further analysis. |
| 1 | Negative | No evidence of cancer on the mammogram. Nothing suspicious or worrisome was seen on the mammogram. | Annual screening for patients of ages 45–49 or bi-annually for patients of ages 50–70 (recommendations may vary depending on individual risk factors). |
| 2 | Benign (noncancerous) finding | No evidence of cancer on the mammogram. This is also a negative result with benign growth such as a cyst. | Continue regular screening mammograms and patients may opt to remove benign growth if problematic symptoms are presented. |
| 3 | Probably benign finding | The presence of a potentially benign growth that requires further monitoring. This is most likely a negative result. | Patients are typically recommended to conduct a mammogram in 6 months and then afterwards as needed. |
| 4 | Suspicious abnormality | The findings do not definitively look like cancer but could be cancer. This could be a positive result. | Patients will be recommended to undergo a biopsy as the next precautionary step. |
| 5 | Highly suggestive of malignancy (cancer) | Imaging indicates that there is a high chance (95 per cent or more) of identified anomaly being cancer. This is highly likely a positive result. | Patients will be recommended to undergo a biopsy as the next precautionary step. |
| 6 | Known biopsy-proven malignancy (cancer). | This category is only for findings already confirmed as cancer with a biopsy. | These are for patients who are aware of their cancer diagnosis. A mammogram is conducted as a monitoring measure. |
Frequently asked questions
At what age is a mammogram recommended?
Routine mammograms are generally recommended starting at age 40, with screenings every one to two years. Women with higher risk factors may need to begin earlier and have more frequent screenings.
Is a mammogram painful?
While some women may experience slight discomfort due to the compression of the breast, the procedure is generally quick, and any discomfort is usually brief.
What are the recommendations for a mammogram if I have breast implants?
If you have breast implants, you should still get regular screening mammograms unless you had both breasts removed with a mastectomy. It is important to notify our team before your appointment if you have implants as it can be harder to visualise breast tissues. In these situations, we will use minimal compression and capture extra images to accurately gauge the health of your breasts.
Are there mammogram options for men?
Men can also undergo mammograms should they suspect of being at risk of male breast cancer. Some symptoms indicating the need for a mammogram include physical changes to the chest such as painless lump, dimpling, puckering, scaling or changes in the colour of the skin and nipple and/or discharge and bleeding from the nipple.
How long does a mammogram take?
A mammogram typically takes about 20 minutes from start to finish, including the time needed for preparation and positioning.
How should I prepare for a mammogram?
Avoid using deodorants, perfumes, or powders on the day of your mammogram, as these can interfere with the images. Wear a two-piece outfit for convenience.
When will I get my mammogram results?
Results are usually available within two to three weeks after screening. Our team will contact you promptly if any abnormalities are detected that require follow-up.
Are there any risks associated with mammograms?
Mammograms use low-dose X-rays and the risk is minimal. The benefits of early detection far outweigh the risks of radiation exposure.
Can I get a mammogram if I am pregnant or breastfeeding?
It’s generally recommended to postpone routine mammograms if you are pregnant or breastfeeding. However, if necessary, special precautions will be taken. Always consult with your healthcare provider.
How much does a mammogram cost?
At Ardennes Health, a mammogram is priced from $99 nett.