Pap Smear Guide in Singapore: Your Complete Guide to Cervical Health 2025

When was the last time you thought about your cervical health?

For many women, it rarely crosses the mind, especially when there are no symptoms. Life gets busy, appointments get delayed, and screening often slips to the bottom of the list. Yet cervical cancer doesn’t wait. It develops quietly, often without warning, and by the time symptoms appear, it may already be advanced.

In Singapore, cervical cancer remains one of the top ten cancers affecting women [1]. But it is also one of the most preventable. The key lies in early detection — and that begins with a simple, routine test: the Pap smear.

Despite widespread availability and decades of medical evidence supporting its effectiveness, screening rates in Singapore are still not where they should be. Some women are unsure when to start or how often to go. Others feel anxious or embarrassed, or don’t know what the procedure involves. This lack of awareness and confidence can lead to delays in diagnosis and missed opportunities for early treatment.

This guide is here to change that. Whether you are 25 and preparing for your first test, or 45 and unsure if you are overdue, this article offers a clear and practical overview of Pap smears in Singapore. We will explain what the test is, why it matters, who needs it, how often it’s recommended, and where you can get it done. 

Understanding Pap Smears

Cervical cancer screening can feel unfamiliar or even intimidating, especially if it’s your first time. But understanding what a Pap smear is and how it works is the first step toward making confident, informed choices about your health. Here is what the test involves and how it compares with another common screening method: the HPV test.

What is a Pap smear?

A Pap smear is a screening test used to detect abnormal changes in the cells of the cervix [2]. These changes, if left untreated, can develop into cervical cancer over time. During the test, a healthcare provider uses a small brush or spatula to gently collect cells from the cervix. The sample is then sent to a laboratory for examination under a microscope.

The main goal of a Pap smear is to find early warning signs — cellular changes that aren’t yet cancer, but could become cancer if not managed. Detecting these abnormalities early allows for simple and effective treatment, long before cancer has a chance to develop.

The procedure is quick, typically taking less than five minutes. It may feel slightly uncomfortable, but it should not be painful, and no recovery time is needed afterward.

Pap Smear vs HPV Test — What’s the Difference?

While both the Pap smear and HPV test are used in cervical cancer screening, they test for different things and are recommended at different stages of life. Understanding the distinction helps clarify which test you need and why.

Aspect	Pap Smear	HPV Test
What it checks for	Abnormal or precancerous cells on the cervix	Presence of high-risk HPV strains that can cause cervical cancer
Purpose	Detects early cellular changes	Detects the virus that causes those cellular changes
Recommended age group	Women aged 25–29	Women aged 30–69
Screening interval	Every 3 years	Every 5 years
Used for	Early detection of abnormal cells	Identifying high-risk HPV before cell changes occur
Can it be done together?	Sometimes recommended as a co-test depending on history	Yes, often combined with Pap smear in women over 30

Both tests play a role in safeguarding cervical health. Your doctor will recommend the appropriate test based on your age, screening history, and overall risk profile.

Cervical Cancer in Singapore

Cervical cancer remains a serious yet largely preventable health concern for women. The availability of screening and vaccination has significantly improved early detection, but the burden of the disease persists — particularly when regular screening is delayed or skipped. In Singapore, the patterns of diagnosis and the factors that increase risk highlight the ongoing need for awareness and timely intervention.

Prevalence and Statistics

According to the Singapore Cancer Registry, cervical cancer ranks among the top ten most common cancers in women [3]. Each year, around 200 women are diagnosed, and approximately 70 lose their lives to the disease [4]. Although the incidence has declined over the decades—thanks to improved access to Pap smears and the introduction of HPV vaccination—the rates are still concerning, particularly among women who do not undergo regular screening.

Data shows that the risk of cervical cancer increases with age, and many of the cases diagnosed are in women who have either never been screened or have not had a Pap smear in the last five years. This underlines the importance of consistent follow-up, especially in women aged 30 and above.

Risk factors

Several well-established factors can increase a woman’s risk of developing cervical cancer. Understanding these risks is key to recognising the importance of regular screening:

• Persistent HPV infection — the most significant risk factor. High-risk strains of the human papillomavirus (especially HPV 16 and 18) are responsible for the majority of cervical cancer cases [5].

• Smoking — chemicals in tobacco can damage cervical cells, making them more susceptible to HPV-related changes [6].

• Early sexual activity or multiple sexual partners — these factors increase the likelihood of HPV exposure.

• Weakened immune system — conditions like HIV [7] or long-term use of immunosuppressive medication can reduce the body’s ability to fight HPV infections.

• Lack of regular screening — women who have never had a Pap smear or have infrequent screenings face a significantly higher risk of late-stage diagnosis.

• Long-term use of oral contraceptives — some studies suggest a slightly increased risk after five or more years of continuous use [8].

While not all risk factors can be controlled, regular screening and HPV vaccination remain the most effective tools for prevention and early detection of cervical cancer.

National Guidelines for Cervical Cancer Screening

Cervical cancer screening is not a one-size-fits-all process. In Singapore, national guidelines are tailored to maximise the benefits of screening while minimising unnecessary procedures. The Ministry of Health has established age-based recommendations to ensure that women receive the most suitable test at the appropriate time.

Understanding these guidelines can help you stay on track with your screenings, avoid confusion about when to start or stop, and ensure you’re receiving the most relevant care for your age and risk profile. Here are the recommended screening ages and intervals [9]. 

Women aged 25 to 29

Cervical screening is recommended for women based on their age, and sexual history:

• Women aged 25 years old, and above who have ever had sexual intercourse should begin regular cervical cancer screening at 25 years old.
• Women who have never had sexual intercourse do not require cervical screening. However, if they experience symptoms such as abnormal vaginal bleeding, then they should consult a doctor

Additionally, this group of women is encouraged to undergo a routine pap smear every 3 years. At this age, Pap smears are preferred over HPV tests because younger women are more likely to clear HPV infections naturally, and over-testing may lead to unnecessary interventions.

Women aged 30 to 69

Women between the ages of 30 to 69 should undergo an HPV test every 5 years if the result is negative. The HPV test is more accurate in detecting high-risk HPV strains, and is now the primary screening tool for women in this age group. It can identify risk earlier, even before any visible cellular changes occur.

Women in both age groups should ensure that their screenings are up to date, even if they have no symptoms and feel well. Regular screening is preventive, not reactive—it’s meant to catch changes before they cause harm.

Women who have had HPV Vaccination

Women who have received the HPV vaccine should continue to follow the same screening schedule as those who are unvaccinated.

Immunocompromised women

Women with weakened immune systems, including those on long-term immunosuppressive therapy, may require more frequent screening. These cases should be assessed, and managed individually by a gynaecologist.

Special Considerations

Women over 69

Women in this age group may stop screening if they have had two consecutive negative HPV tests in the last 10 years, with the most recent test within the past 5 years. Those with a history of abnormal results may still require continued monitoring.

Meanwhile, women with a history of treatment for CIN 2, CIN 3, or adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) should continue routine screening for at least 20 years, even if this extends beyond the age of 69 years old.

Women who have had a hysterectomy

The need for continued cervical screening depends on the type of hysterectomy, and the woman’s medical history. This includes:

Total hysterectomy for benign conditions

Further cervical cancer screening is only needed if:

• The woman has a history of normal cervical cytology.
• Histopathology confirms the cervix was benign with no precancerous or cancerous changes.

Subtotal (partial) hysterectomy

Cervical screening should continue according to the national screening guidelines, as the cervix remains in place.

Hysterectomy where cervical histology is unknown

For women in this group, a baseline vaginal vault smear is recommended. However, if the result is normal, then no further screening is necessary.

Histology of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

If the excision margins were involved or not adequately assessed, follow-up should be guided by a gyneacologist. In general, vault smears should be taken at least annually.

Additionally, if CIN (Cin 1/2/3) was completely excised at the time of hysterectomy:

• Vault smears should be done annually for 5 years.
• Then, every 2 years for an additional period as advised by the clinician.

Preparing for a Pap Smear

Feeling uncertain before a Pap smear is completely normal, especially if it’s your first time. Knowing how to prepare can help ease any anxiety, ensure the most accurate results, and make the experience as smooth as possible.

Optimal Timing

The best time to schedule a Pap smear is about 10 to 20 days after the first day of your periods, when you are not menstruating. While it is still possible to perform the test during light bleeding, heavy menstrual flow may interfere with the accuracy of the cell sample. If your cycle is unpredictable, let the clinic know in advance so they can advise on the best timing.

Before the Test: What to Avoid

To ensure the best quality sample, it’s recommended to avoid the following 24 to 48 hours before your appointment:

• Sexual intercourse — seminal fluid and friction can temporarily affect cervical cells and obscure results.

• Douching or vaginal washes —these can disrupt the natural environment of the cervix and wash away or alter the cells that need to be examined.

• Tampons, vaginal creams, suppositories, or lubricants — these products can interfere with sample collection and analysis.

If you are unsure whether your recent activities could affect your results, speak with your healthcare provider before the test. It’s also perfectly acceptable to ask questions during the appointment or request a female provider if that makes you more comfortable.

Being well-prepared not only helps your doctor perform the test efficiently but also increases the likelihood of a clear and conclusive result — avoiding the need for a repeat test.

The Pap Smear Procedure

Understanding what happens during a Pap smear can help reduce uncertainty and make the experience more manageable. The test itself is quick and usually takes only a few minutes. While it may feel unfamiliar or slightly uncomfortable, it is not typically painful — and your doctor will guide you through each step. 

What to Expect During the Test

You will begin by lying on an examination table, typically with your knees bent and feet placed in stirrups. A device called a speculum is gently inserted into the vagina to hold it open, allowing the doctor to clearly view the cervix.

Using a small, soft brush or spatula, the doctor will collect a sample of cells from the surface of your cervix. This may cause a slight scraping sensation or mild pressure, but it usually lasts only a few seconds. Once the sample is collected, the speculum is removed and the procedure is complete.

The entire process takes less than five minutes.

Is It Painful?

Most women describe the test as mildly uncomfortable rather than painful. Some may feel pressure or cramping similar to menstrual discomfort, especially if it’s their first time or if they are feeling tense. Taking slow, deep breaths and trying to stay relaxed can help ease any discomfort during the exam.

If you experience significant pain at any point, let your doctor know immediately, as it could indicate an underlying issue that may need further attention.

Being informed and knowing what to expect can make the experience much less stressful. If you have concerns or specific preferences — such as having a female doctor or being talked through the process in advance — don’t hesitate to request this when making your appointment.

Interpreting Pap Smear Results and What Happens Next

Once your Pap smear is complete, the collected sample is sent to a laboratory for analysis. Results are usually available within one to two weeks and will be shared with you by your doctor.

Pap smear results typically fall into one of three categories:

• Normal (negative) — this means no abnormal cells were found, and you can continue routine screening as advised based on your age.

• Abnormal — this indicates that some changes were detected in the cervical cells. It does not mean you have cancer, but further testing may be needed to determine the cause and whether treatment is necessary.

• Unsatisfactory — in some cases, the sample may not contain enough cells or may be obscured by blood or mucus. Your doctor may recommend repeating the test to ensure a clear reading.

If your result is abnormal, the next steps depend on the type and severity of the changes. Your doctor may recommend:

• A repeat Pap smear after a short interval
• An HPV test to check for high-risk viral strains
• A colposcopy, a procedure that allows the cervix to be examined more closely under magnification
• A biopsy (if further investigation is needed)
  

Timely follow-up is essential, even if you feel well. Many cervical cell changes cause no symptoms but can progress silently over time. 

Cervical Cancer Screening in Singapore

Cost and convenience should never stand in the way of essential healthcare. While many women assume that cervical cancer screening is expensive or hard to access, the reality is quite the opposite — Pap smears and HPV tests are widely available across Singapore, often at highly subsidised rates.

For those seeking more personalised care, many private women’s clinics and GP practices offer Pap smears as part of health screening packages. At Ardennes Health, we provide discreet, comfortable, and professionally guided Pap smear screening in a calm, patient-centred setting. Whether you are coming in for your first test or a routine follow-up, our team is here to ensure you feel informed, supported, and cared for at every step.

With accessible options across both public and private sectors, there’s no reason to postpone your screening. What matters most is staying on schedule — because early detection saves lives.

Taking Charge of Your Cervical Health

Cervical cancer is one of the few cancers that can be prevented through early detection and timely treatment — and the Pap smear remains one of the most effective tools in achieving that. Yet, many women continue to miss out on screening due to uncertainty, discomfort, or the misconception that it’s unnecessary in the absence of symptoms.

Pap smear is a quick, safe, and reliable test that can detect changes in cervical cells long before they pose a serious threat. When combined with regular HPV testing and follow-up care, it offers women a powerful layer of protection against a disease that often develops without warning.

If you are due for a Pap smear or simply unsure where to begin, schedule a consultation with us for confidential, professional care tailored to your needs.

References 

1. Cervical cancer. Retrieved May 6, 2025, from https://www.singaporecancersociety.org.sg/learn-about-cancer/types-of-cancer/cervical-cancer.html 
2. What is a pap test? Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved May 6, 2025, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/4267-pap-smear 
3. Singapore cancer society. Retrieved May 6, 2025, from https://singaporecancersociety.org.sg/index.php 
4. Cervical Cancer – What It Is. SingHealth. Retrieved May 6, 2025, from https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/cervical-cancer 
5. Okunade, K. S. (2020). Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology: The Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 40(5), 602–608. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2019.1634030 
6. Smoking and cervical cancer. Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care. Retrieved May 6, 2025, from https://www.health.gov.au/our-work/tobaccofacts/smoking-and-cervical-cancer#:~:text=Chemicals%20from%20smoke%20change%20your,cells%20of%20women%20who%20smoke. 
7. Hewavisenti, R. V., Arena, J., Ahlenstiel, C. L., & Sasson, S. C. (2023). Human papillomavirus in the setting of immunodeficiency: Pathogenesis and the emergence of next-generation therapies to reduce the high associated cancer risk. Frontiers in Immunology, 14, 1112513. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1112513 
8. Oral contraceptives (Birth control pills) and cancer risk—Nci. (2018, March 1). [cgvArticle]. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/hormones/oral-contraceptives-fact-sheet 
9. Why annual pap smears are history – but routine ob-gyn visits are not. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2025, from https://www.acog.org/womens-health/experts-and-stories/the-latest/why-annual-pap-smears-are-history-but-routine-ob-gyn-visits-are-not 
10. Enhanced screen for life(Sfl). Ministry of Health. Retrieved May 6, 2025, from https://www.moh.gov.sg/managing-expenses/schemes-and-subsidies/enhanced-screen-for-life/ 

Influenza, more commonly known as the flu, is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. In Singapore, the flu is fairly common, given the hot and humid weather all-year-round, creating a conducive environment for viruses to survive and circulate easily. 

Flu vaccinations remain the most effective way to prevent influenza and its complications. It not only reduces the likelihood of falling ill but also limits the severity of symptoms if infection occurs. Moreover, getting vaccinated helps reduce the spread of the virus in the community as it protects those who are unable to receive the vaccine, such as very young infants or individuals with specific medical conditions. In this article, we’ll look into flu vaccinations in Singapore, who needs them, and why. 

Understanding the Flu: Spread and Symptoms

Influenza is an acute viral infection caused by influenza viruses, which primarily affect the respiratory system. There are four main types of influenza viruses, A, B, C, and D, but only types A and B are responsible for seasonal flu outbreaks in humans [4]. These viruses are highly infectious and have the ability to mutate rapidly, resulting in new strains that can vary from year to year.

Influenza spreads mainly through droplets expelled when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. These droplets can land in the mouths or noses of nearby individuals or be inhaled into the lungs. The virus can also spread through contact with contaminated surfaces, such as door handles or shared devices, followed by touching the face. Because it can be transmitted before symptoms appear and up to a week after falling ill, influenza is particularly difficult to contain without proactive measures like vaccination and good hygiene practices.

Potential complications of influenza include:

• Pneumonia — a serious lung infection that can be life-threatening, especially in the elderly and those with chronic illnesses.

• Sinus and ear infections — particularly in children.

• Exacerbation of chronic conditions — such as asthma, diabetes, and heart disease.

• Hospitalisation or death — in severe cases, particularly among vulnerable populations.

Why is the flu so common in Singapore?

The flu is relatively common in Singapore for the following reasons:

• Tropical climate — Because of Singapore’s constant warm and humid climate, influenza viruses can circulate all-year-round. 

• High population density — Singapore is a densely populated urban society, which increases chances of person-to-person transmission.

• International travel hub — The country is well-known for being an international travel hub, increasing risk of imported flu strains.

• Enclosed environments — Enclosed, air-conditioned spaces are common in Singapore, and are conducive spaces for virus survival and transmission.

Who Should Consider a Flu Vaccine?

Influenza vaccination is recommended for everyone aged 6 months and older, with rare exceptions. The Ministry of Health (MOH) in Singapore [5], along with global health authorities such as the World Health Organization (WHO) [6], advises annual flu vaccination as a key preventive measure. This is because influenza viruses evolve constantly, and the vaccine is updated regularly to offer protection against the most common circulating strains.

While the general population can benefit from vaccination, certain groups face a significantly higher risk of developing serious complications from the flu. For these individuals, the flu vaccine is not only a preventive measure, it can be life-saving.

Elderly Individuals (65 years and Above)

Older adults are more vulnerable to severe flu-related illnesses [7]. With age, the immune system weakens, which minimises the body’s ability to fight infections effectively. Influenza in the elderly is more likely to lead to hospitalisation, pneumonia, and, in some cases, death. Annual vaccination offers critical protection by reducing the severity of illness and the risk of complications.

Young Children (6 months to Under 5 Years)

Young children, particularly those under five years of age, have less developed immune systems, which makes them more susceptible to influenza and its complications, including febrile seizures and respiratory infections [8]. The flu vaccine helps to strengthen their immunity and reduce transmission in childcare settings and homes.

Pregnant Women

Pregnant women are more prone to severe flu symptoms and complications, especially in the later stages of pregnancy [9]. Importantly, the flu vaccine also provides protection to the unborn child, with antibodies passed from mother to baby. Vaccination is safe during any trimester and is strongly recommended as part of routine maternal care.

Individuals with Chronic Medical Conditions

People living with chronic conditions such as diabetes, asthma, chronic lung disease, heart disease, or compromised immune systems are more likely to experience complications from the flu [10]. Influenza can exacerbate existing conditions and lead to longer recovery times. Annual vaccination helps lower these risks and prevents disease flare-ups triggered by flu infection.

Healthcare Workers and Caregivers

Those who work in healthcare or provide care to vulnerable individuals, such as the elderly or chronically ill, are at increased risk of contracting and spreading influenza. Vaccinating this group not only protects them but also helps safeguard the health of the people they care for.

When’s the best time to get a flu vaccination?

There is no hard-and-fast rule when it comes to getting a flu vaccine. However, there are certain instances where it may be more beneficial for you, such as:

• Peaks in flu circulation — In Singapore, ideal times to get a flu vaccine would be in April, to protect against the mid-year spike, and October to protect you until the end of the year, when flu more commonly spreads. 

• Before traveling — Getting a flu vaccination right before a trip can help prevent you from falling ill and putting a halt on your holiday. 

• Before the school term starts — Schools are high-risk environments for flu transmission, and getting your child vaccinated ensures a good start to their school term, protecting them from infection.

• Before medical procedures — If you expect to be hospitalised or have a compromised immunity, getting a flu vaccination will be ideal for extra protection and optimal outcomes while you heal from your procedure. 

Addressing Common Misconceptions

Despite widespread public health campaigns and scientific evidence, several misconceptions about the flu vaccine persist. These misunderstandings can discourage people from getting vaccinated; as a result, they may put themselves and others at risk. Here are some common myths associated with influenza vaccines.

“The Flu Vaccine Can Cause The Flu”

This is one of the most persistent myths. In reality, the flu vaccine used in Singapore contains inactivated (killed) viruses or fragments of the virus that cannot cause illness. These components are designed to trigger an immune response, which helps the body build protection without causing infection.

Some people may experience mild side effects after vaccination, such as a low-grade fever, fatigue, or soreness at the injection site, but these are signs that the immune system is responding to the vaccine, not symptoms of influenza. The flu vaccine cannot give you the flu.

“Healthy Individuals Don’t Need the Vaccine”

It’s a common belief that flu vaccination is only necessary for the elderly or people with chronic illnesses. While high-risk groups are more likely to experience severe complications, healthy individuals can still get infected and suffer from uncomfortable symptoms, time off work or school, and, in rare cases, complications like pneumonia.

Moreover, healthy individuals can transmit the virus to others, including family members or colleagues who may be more vulnerable. Vaccinating healthy people contributes to community protection and helps break the chain of transmission.

“Vaccination Is Unnecessary If It’s Not Flu Season”

Unlike temperate countries with clear flu seasons, Singapore experiences influenza activity throughout the year, with peaks typically seen from May to July and November to January. This makes it important to stay protected regardless of the time of year.

Waiting for a “flu season” in Singapore can lead to missed opportunities for prevention. As immunity builds about two weeks after vaccination, timely vaccination, before known peak periods or ahead of travel to countries experiencing seasonal outbreaks, is essential for effective protection.

Potential Side Effects and Safety

The flu vaccine has a strong safety track record and is generally well-tolerated. Still, knowing what to expect can help you feel more confident about your decision.

Common Side Effects

Most people experience no issues after their flu shot. If side effects do occur, they are usually mild and go away within a couple of days. These may include:

• A sore or slightly swollen area around the injection site
• Low-grade fever
• Mild fatigue or muscle aches

These are normal immune responses and a sign that your body is developing protection.

Rare Side Effects

Severe reactions to the flu vaccine are extremely rare. In isolated cases, people may have allergic responses, such as hives, swelling, or breathing difficulties, usually within minutes of the injection.

Our clinical team monitors every patient briefly after vaccination and is fully equipped to manage any adverse reaction safely and promptly.

Why Flu Vaccination Matters Now More Than Ever

At Ardennes Health, we offer seasonal influenza vaccinations as part of our commitment to preventive care for individuals and families.

Influenza continues to be a significant public health concern in Singapore, as it affects people across all age groups. With year-round flu activity and seasonal surges, the importance of annual vaccination cannot be overstated. The flu vaccine offers reliable protection — not only reducing your risk of falling ill but also helping to prevent severe complications, hospitalisations, and the spread of the virus to others. 

If you are unsure about whether the flu vaccine is right for you, our medical team is here to provide clear, personalised guidance based on your health needs. Book an appointment (link to contact us page) with us today for a consultation. 

References 

1. Flu measures. (22nd April 2008.). Ministry of Health. Retrieved April 7, 2025, from https://www.moh.gov.sg/newsroom/flu-measures/ 
2. Drobnik, J., Pobrotyn, P., Witczak, I. T., Antczak, A., & Susło, R. (2021). Influenza as an important factor causing increased risk of patients’ deaths, excessive morbidity and prolonged hospital stays. Archives of Medical Science : AMS, 19(4), 941–951. https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms/138145 
3. Influenza vaccination services offered by community pharmacists under new sandbox initiative. (n.d.). Ministry of Health. Retrieved April 7, 2025, from https://www.moh.gov.sg/newsroom/influenza-vaccination-services-offered-by-community-pharmacists-under-new-sandbox-initiative/ 
4. CDC. (2024, September 27). Types of influenza viruses. Influenza (Flu). https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses-types.html 
5. Protocols and enhanced screening measures to prevent cross-border spread of influenza into singapore. (6th March 2025). Ministry of Health. Retrieved April 7, 2025, from https://www.moh.gov.sg/newsroom/protocols-and-enhanced-screening-measures-to-prevent-cross-border-spread-of-influenza-into-singapore/ 
6. Strengthening influenza vaccination policies and programmes. (n.d.). Retrieved April 7, 2025, from https://www.who.int/news/item/04-02-2025-strengthening-influenza-vaccination-policies-and-programmes 
7. Flu and older adults. (2022, June 14). National Institute on Aging. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/flu/flu-and-older-adults 
8. CDC. (2024, September 26). Respiratory viruses and young children. Respiratory Illnesses. https://www.cdc.gov/respiratory-viruses/risk-factors/young-children.html 
9. Oseghale, O., Vlahos, R., O’Leary, J. J., Brooks, R. D., Brooks, D. A., Liong, S., & Selemidis, S. (2022). Influenza virus infection during pregnancy as a trigger of acute and chronic complications. Viruses, 14(12), 2729. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122729 
10. American Lung Association. Flu symptoms and risk factors. Retrieved April 7, 2025, from https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/influenza/symptoms-causes-and-risk 
11. Kim, T. H. (2014). Seasonal influenza and vaccine herd effect. Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research, 3(2), 128–132. https://doi.org/10.7774/cevr.2014.3.2.128 

Hitting your 30s can feel like a bittersweet milestone. You are wiser, more confident, and likely juggling a whirlwind of responsibilities. But as life shifts gears, so does your body. This decade often marks the beginning of subtle changes in health — changes that, if caught early, can help you stay ahead of the curve for years to come. While it’s easy to get swept up in career goals, family life, or personal aspirations, taking a moment to prioritise your health can make all the difference.

Think of your 30s as the foundation-building phase for your long-term well-being. Just like you plan for the future in other aspects of life, regular health screenings are a proactive way to ensure your body is ready to support your ambitions. These screenings aren’t just about addressing current concerns — they are about prevention, early detection, and giving you peace of mind.

This guide provides an overview of the key health screenings to consider in your 30s, designed to help you prioritise your well-being. 

1. General Health Screenings

As a doctor, one of the first things I tell my patients in their 30s is that this is the decade where prevention is key. Many health conditions, like hypertension, high cholesterol, and even diabetes, can develop silently during this time without any noticeable symptoms. That’s why regular health screenings are so crucial — they allow us to detect and address these issues early, often before they become serious.

When we talk about general health screenings, we are not just ticking boxes; we are creating a baseline for your health. For example, tests for blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood sugar help us identify risks for cardiovascular disease or diabetes. These are common conditions that, if caught early, can be managed effectively through lifestyle changes or medication.

Another thing to keep in mind is that your screening should be personalised. Family history, lifestyle factors, and even your work environment play a role in determining which tests are most relevant for you. For instance, if you have a family history of heart disease or diabetes, you should start screenings earlier or do them more frequently.

I always remind my patients that these check-ups aren’t just about finding problems — they are about creating a roadmap for better health. They give us a chance to talk about diet, exercise, and stress management, which are just as important as the numbers on a lab report. 

2. Cardiovascular Health

In your 30s, I often notice patients starting to ask more questions about their heart health, and rightly so. This is the decade when the effects of years of habits — whether good or bad — begin to show. It’s not uncommon to see slightly elevated blood pressure or cholesterol levels during this time, often without any symptoms. That’s why I encourage regular check-ups and simple screenings to ensure we catch any changes early. These small steps can make a big difference in keeping your heart healthy and your future bright.

Blood Pressure Monitoring

Did you know high blood pressure, or hypertension, is often called the “silent killer”? ([1] It rarely shows symptoms until it has caused significant damage to your heart or other organs. Monitoring your blood pressure during routine check-ups can detect hypertension early, and allow timely intervention through lifestyle changes or medications. These simple screenings can prevent complications like heart disease or stroke.

Cholesterol Level Assessment

A lipid profile test is another essential screening in your 30s [2]. Elevated cholesterol, particularly LDL (bad cholesterol), can lead to plaque build-up in your arteries, which significantly increases the risk of heart attacks and strokes. If your cholesterol levels are higher than recommended, we can work together to develop a plan involving dietary changes, exercise routines, or medications to bring them under control.

Cardiac Screening Procedures at Ardennes Health

At Ardennes Health, we and our partner clinics offer a comprehensive range of cardiac screening procedures to evaluate your heart health thoroughly:

• Electrocardiogram (ECG): Records the heart’s electrical activity to detect conditions such as arrhythmias and ischaemia.

• Echocardiogram (ECHO): Provides detailed images of the heart’s structure and function, often used to assess the heart valves and chambers.

• 2D Echocardiography (2DE): Offers two-dimensional images of the heart, helping detect structural abnormalities.

• CT Angiogram: A non-invasive imaging test that visualises blood vessels to identify blockages or abnormalities in the arteries.

• Treadmill Exercise Test (TMX): Monitors heart activity during physical exertion to identify potential coronary artery diseases or other heart-related conditions.

Laboratory Investigations for Cardiac Risk

In addition to imaging tests, we recommend specific lab investigations to gain a comprehensive understanding of your cardiovascular health:

• Cardiac Risk Profile: Includes advanced markers like homocysteine, Apo A1, Apo B, and the Apo A1/B ratio [3].

• Diabetic Profile: Tests like HbA1c and fasting blood glucose to assess blood sugar levels, as diabetes is a significant risk factor for heart disease [4].

Whether you’re navigating a high-stress career, adjusting to parenthood, or simply working towards a healthier lifestyle, regular cardiac screenings are invaluable. These tests are not just for those with a family history of heart disease — they are for anyone who values their well-being. By prioritising these screenings now, you are building a solid foundation for a strong and healthy heart in the decades ahead.

3. Cancer Screenings

When it comes to cancer, early detection is your best defence. Many of my patients in their 30s ask whether it’s too soon to start thinking about cancer screenings. My answer is always the same: it’s never too early to prioritise your health, especially if you have a family history or other risk factors. Let me explain why these screenings matter and which ones you should consider.

Breast Cancer Screening

In your 30s, taking a proactive approach to breast health is essential, particularly if you have a family history of breast cancer or other risk factors. Routine mammograms are typically recommended starting at age 40 for women at average risk, but for those with a higher risk, earlier screenings may be necessary [5]. It’s always best to discuss your individual risk factors and screening plan with your healthcare provider.

For women in their 30s, breast ultrasounds can be a helpful option. This imaging technique uses sound waves to examine breast tissue and can detect abnormalities such as lumps or cysts. For those looking for additional and comprehensive screening methods, the Mastocheck Early Breast Cancer Screening is a valuable tool. This non-invasive blood test utilises proteomics-based early diagnostic technology to detect early-stage breast cancer. It’s particularly beneficial for women who may not yet need routine mammograms or who want an extra layer of reassurance.

Multi-Cancer Early Screening

Many people think cancer screenings are limited to specific types of cancer, but that’s no longer the case. With advancements in technology, we now have tests like LucenceINSIGHT that can screen for multiple cancers using a single blood sample. This test is a powerful tool for detecting cancers that are often asymptomatic in the early stages, such as pancreatic or ovarian cancer.

I recommend this test to anyone with a family history of cancer or to those who want a thorough evaluation of their health. LucenceINSIGHT helps us detect signals of cancer even when one is asymptomatic. This helps us detect issues early and act quickly, making it an excellent example of how modern medicine is transforming preventive care.

Cancer screenings aren’t about waiting for something to go wrong — they are about staying one step ahead. Whether it’s through a mammogram, Mastocheck, or LucenceINSIGHT, these tools help us identify risks early, giving you more options and better outcomes.

Summary

Entering your 30s is a turning point — a decade where proactive health choices can significantly shape your future well-being. By now, you have learned about the essential health screenings that address different aspects of your health: general health check-ups, cardiovascular assessments, and cancer screenings. But the key message is this: take action.

Health screenings aren’t just medical procedures; they are opportunities. Opportunities to catch silent health risks early, to make informed decisions, and to take preventive steps that can save you from future complications. This is your chance to build a foundation for a healthier, more resilient life — not just for yourself but for those who depend on you.

At Ardennes Health, we understand that taking the first step can sometimes feel overwhelming. That’s why we are here to make the process as efficient and supportive as possible. Whether it’s helping you choose the right screenings or guiding you through your results, our goal is to empower you to prioritise your health confidently. Schedule an appointment with us for your health screenings today. 

References 

1. Research, C. for D. E. and. (2024). High blood pressure–understanding the silent killer. FDA. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/special-features/high-blood-pressure-understanding-silent-killer 
2. Lee, Y., & Siddiqui, W. J. (2025). Cholesterol levels. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542294/ 
3. Bodde, M. C., Hermans, M. P. J., Jukema, J. W., Schalij, M. J., Lijfering, W. M., Rosendaal, F. R., Romijn, F. P. H. T. M., Ruhaak, L. R., van der Laarse, A., & Cobbaert, C. M. (2019). Apolipoproteins A1, B, and apoB/apoA1 ratio are associated with first ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction but not with recurrent events during long-term follow-up. Clinical Research in Cardiology, 108(5), 520–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-018-1381-5 
4. Sherwani, S. I., Khan, H. A., Ekhzaimy, A., Masood, A., & Sakharkar, M. K. (2016). Significance of hba1c test in diagnosis and prognosis of diabetic patients. Biomarker Insights, 11, 95–104. https://doi.org/10.4137/BMI.S38440 
5. omlinson-Hansen, S. E., Budh, D. P., & Sapra, A. (2025). Breast cancer screening in the average-risk patient. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556050/ 

Health screenings are an important aspect of preventive healthcare, helping individuals detect potential issues early, manage existing conditions effectively, and maintain overall well-being. Health screenings are more than just routine check-ups—they are proactive steps toward a longer and healthier life.

In Singapore, common health issues include diabetes [1], cardiovascular diseases, and various types of cancer, several of which can be managed with early intervention. This guide will help you understand the types of health screenings that are relevant to you based on your age, gender, lifestyle, and risk factors.

Benefits of Regular Health Screenings

Regular screenings are vital for early detection and prevention. Beyond addressing physical health, these check-ups also provide peace of mind and the opportunity to make lifestyle changes and take better care of your health.

Here are some major benefits of regular health screenings: 

• Early detection: Identifies diseases like diabetes, hypertension, or cancer before symptoms appear. This can improve the chances of successful treatment and recovery.
• Prevention of chronic health conditions: Health screenings enable timely intervention to prevent diseases from progressing into chronic conditions. It also helps people to understand their health and make lifestyle adjustments accordingly. 
• Management of current conditions: Health screenings help individuals monitor their conditions and treatment so that they know they are taking the right steps, such as adjusting medications. 
• Peace of mind and awareness: Regular health screenings help individuals alleviate their anxiety about perceived health problems and encourage proactive health management. 

Health screenings, although general, are best tailored to each individual specifically depending on factors such as:

• Age
• Gender
• Family history
• Additional risk factors and concerns

This is why it’s important to book a consultation to evaluate each individual and their risk factors before recommending an appropriate health screening. 

Health Screenings for Adults (General Recommendations)

Health screenings help adults stay ahead of health issues and challenges. Routine screenings give us valuable insights into our health and well-being, allowing us to detect and manage conditions such as high blood pressure and diabetes early. These tests offer a practical way to safeguard our health and make informed decisions.

Here are the general health screening recommendations for adults and their purposes:

• Blood Test: A general blood test assesses various components of the blood, such as red and white blood cell counts, haemoglobin, and platelets. 
• Pressure Check: High blood pressure, or hypertension [2], is often called a “silent killer” because it usually presents no symptoms but significantly increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure. Regular blood pressure checks ensure early detection, allowing timely lifestyle changes or treatment to manage the condition and reduce long-term health risks.
• Cholesterol Test: A cholesterol test [3], or lipid profile, measures levels of good (HDL) and bad (LDL) cholesterol in the blood. High LDL or low HDL levels can lead to plaque buildup in arteries, increasing the risk of heart attacks and strokes. Regular monitoring helps to assess current cardiovascular health and encourages lifestyle and dietary changes. 
• Blood Sugar Level Test: A blood sugar test evaluates glucose levels in the blood to detect prediabetes or diabetes. Early detection is critical for managing blood sugar and preventing complications such as nerve damage, kidney disease, and vision loss. Tests may include fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, or oral glucose tolerance tests.
• Body Mass Index (BMI) Measurement: The BMI test [4]  measures body fat based on height and weight, indicating whether a person falls within a healthy weight range. It helps identify risks associated with obesity, such as diabetes, heart disease, and joint problems. 
• Hepatitis Profile: This test screens for hepatitis viruses (A, B, and C), which can cause liver inflammation and damage.
• Renal Profile: The renal profile evaluates kidney function by measuring levels of creatinine, urea, and electrolytes like sodium and potassium in the blood. It also can detect kidney disease or dysfunction at an early stage.
• Thyroid Profile: This test measures thyroid hormone levels, including TSH, T3, and T4, to assess thyroid gland function and identify conditions like hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. 
• Bone and joint screenings: Bone and joint screenings involve tests like bone density scans (DEXA) and assessments for inflammatory markers to evaluate bone strength and detect conditions like osteoporosis or arthritis. 
• Tumor marker tests: These tests measure specific substances in the blood, urine, or tissues that may indicate the presence of certain types of cancer.

Preventive Cancer Screenings: 

• Cervical Cancer: The Pap smear detects precancerous changes or abnormalities in the cervix, allowing early treatment before cancer develops. It is generally recommended for females aged 25-69.
• Breast Cancer: Mammograms use low-dose X-rays to detect breast cancer at an early stage before symptoms develop. Women aged 40 and older are recommended to undergo screenings every one to two years, depending on their risk factors and family history.
• Colorectal Cancer: Colorectal cancer screening involves tests like the faecal occult blood test (detecting hidden blood in stool) or colonoscopy (visual examination of the colon). These screenings identify early cancer or precancerous polyps.
• Prostate Cancer: The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test measures PSA levels in the blood, which may indicate prostate cancer or other conditions like an enlarged prostate. 

Other Essential Tests

• Liver and Kidney Function Tests: These blood tests evaluate the function of the liver and kidneys. They detect conditions like liver disease, hepatitis, or kidney damage, often before symptoms develop.
• Vision and Hearing Tests: Vision tests assess eye health and detect issues such as glaucoma, cataracts, or refractive errors. Hearing tests identify hearing loss, which is common with age or due to prolonged exposure to loud environments. 

Health Screenings by Age

Health screenings are aligned with the specific needs of different age groups. In your 20s and 30s, baseline tests like blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar assessments are typically recommended along with mental health screenings. In your 40s, more comprehensive screenings such as mammograms, Pap smears, and colonoscopies become crucial for detecting early signs of cancer. Women may also benefit from bone health assessments as hormonal changes begin to impact bone density. 

In your 50s and beyond, screenings intensify to include heart health evaluations like stress tests and ECGs, as well as checks for dementia risk, vision, and hearing impairments. Tailoring screenings to your age ensures timely detection and intervention and contributes to more positive health outcomes.

Here are the recommended health screenings based on age groups: 

Age Group	Recommended Health Screenings
30s – 40s	Cancer screenings (mammogram, Pap smear, colonoscopy)Bone health testsHormonal health checksSexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) checks
40s – 50s	Cancer screenings (mammogram, Pap smear, colonoscopy)Bone health testsHormonal health checks
50s and beyond	Frequent cancer screeningsHeart health tests (stress test, ECG)Dementia riskVision and hearing checks

Health Screenings Based on Gender

Health screenings often vary by gender due to differences in anatomy, hormonal influences, and disease risks. While general tests such as blood tests and cholesterol checks are the same recommendations for both genders, other tests differ. For women, screenings often include reproductive and hormonal health, including Pap smears [5] for cervical cancer, mammograms for breast cancer, and bone density tests to monitor osteoporosis risk, particularly after menopause. 

For men, health screenings may also include prostate cancer screenings (PSA tests) [6]  and guidance on testicular self-examinations to help detect specific cancers early. Gender-specific screenings provide a comprehensive approach to maintaining health and addressing risks effectively.

Here are some recommended health screenings based on gender: 

Gender	Recommended Health Screenings
Women	Cervical Cancer Screening (Regular Pap smears)Breast Cancer Screening (Mammograms starting at age 40)Bone density testsPregnancy-related screeningsHormonal checks
Men	Prostate Cancer Screening (Men aged 50 and above).Cardiovascular Health CheckHormonal checks

Health Screenings Based on Lifestyle, Risk Factors, and Specific Conditions 

Your lifestyle and personal risk factors also influence the type of health screenings you need. Smokers, for example, should prioritise lung cancer screenings and respiratory function tests to detect potential damage early. If you have a family history of chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, or cancer, genetic testing and enhanced cancer screenings can provide important insights. Sedentary lifestyles increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, making ECGs, stress tests, and blood sugar screenings essential. 

If you already have a specific condition, you may also require additional health screenings. Here are some health screenings based on lifestyle and risk factors that you should consider: 

Lifestyle/Risk Factors	Recommended Health Screenings
Smokers	Lung cancer screeningRespiratory function testsCardiovascular health checkGeneral health screening
Family history of chronic diseases	Cancer screeningsCardiovascular health checkDiabetes screeningBone health assessmentGeneral health screening Kidney function test
Sedentary	Cardiovascular health checkGeneral health screeningMusculoskeletal assessmentsMental health screeningLiver and kidney function test
Specific condition	Chronic Illnesses: Lipid profile test Kidney Function tests Blood pressureDiabetes testLiver function testThyroid profile Heart Disease and Stroke Risk: ECG testEchocardiogramCholesterol levelsCT AngiogramLipoprotein(a)Homocysteine

How to Choose a Health Screening Package in Singapore

Selecting the right health screening package in Singapore depends on your individual needs, budget, and preferences.

Private screening packages are also available for those seeking more comprehensive or personalised care. When choosing a private package, consider factors like the clinic’s reputation, the details of the tests included, and overall value for money. If you aren’t sure which health screening you should undergo, book a consultation with a doctor. 

At Ardennes Health, we offer comprehensive health screening packages tailored to your needs and follow-up consultations to address any findings. Whether it’s preventive care or managing an existing condition, our team is here to guide you every step of the way.

Book your health screening with us at Ardennes Health or check out our packages here. 

When to Seek Specialist Care

If your health screening results indicate abnormal findings, it’s important to seek medical advice as soon as possible. Abnormal results may signal underlying conditions that require further investigation. Based on the findings, your doctor may refer you to a specialist for a more in-depth evaluation and treatment. For example, if your screening suggests potential cancer, you may be referred to an oncologist, while abnormal heart test results may lead to a consultation with a cardiologist. Early intervention is crucial for managing health conditions effectively and improving long-term outcomes.

Conclusion

Regular health screenings are essential for everyone to stay aware of long-term health and proactive management of potential issues. Take charge of your health today by scheduling screenings tailored to your needs. If you’re still unsure which screening you should book, consult with our doctors to identify the most suitable options for you.

Frequently Asked Questions 

References

1. Channel NewsAsia. (2023, November 17). War against diabetes: Doctors seeing rise in patients below 40 due to lifestyle habits, early screening. Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved from: https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/war-against-diabetes-singapore-doctors-seeing-rise-young-patients-below-40-lifestyle-habits-stress-early-screening-treatment-3921976
2. Mayo Clinic. (n.d.). High blood pressure (hypertension) – Symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20373410
3. Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Cholesterol: Understanding levels & numbers. Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/11920-cholesterol-numbers-what-do-they-mean
4. Singapore Heart Foundation. (n.d.). BMI calculator. Singapore Heart Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.myheart.org.sg/tools-resources/bmi-calculator/
5. Mayo Clinic. (n.d.). Pap smear: Overview. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/pap-smear/about/pac-20394841
6. Singapore Cancer Society. (n.d.). Prostate cancer. Singapore Cancer Society. Retrieved from https://www.singaporecancersociety.org.sg/learn-about-cancer/types-of-cancer/prostate-cancer.html
7. Ministry of Health Singapore. (2024, December 2). Community Health Assist Scheme (CHAS). Ministry of Health. Retrieved from https://www.moh.gov.sg/managing-expenses/schemes-and-subsidies/chas
8. Ministry of Health Singapore. (2024, December 2). Enhanced Screen for Life. Ministry of Health. Retrieved from https://www.moh.gov.sg/managing-expenses/schemes-and-subsidies/enhanced-screen-for-life

Breast cancer remains a significant health concern for women throughout the globe. In Singapore, it stands as the most common type of cancer among women. The Singapore Cancer Registry [1] reported that breast cancer accounts for nearly one in three cancer diagnoses among women in the country. This translates to 29.7% [2] of all female cancers, with approximately 1,100 new cases diagnosed annually. However, what is even more concerning is the fact that roughly 270 women [3] succumb to the disease each year.

Due to its prevalence, early detection through regular screening plays a critical role in improving the survival rate. In fact, research shows that early diagnosis can increase the chances of successful treatment by as much as 90% [4].

The aim of breast cancer screening is to identify the cancer at its earliest stage, ideally before symptoms are noticeable. By detecting cancer early, women have more treatment options available, and a greater likelihood of successful outcomes. This guide will provide a comprehensive overview of the breast cancer screening options available today, from blood tests to mammograms, and how each method can contribute to early detection.

Understanding Breast Cancer Screening

Breast cancer screening refers to the preventive measures taken to detect breast cancer before any symptoms emerge. Unlike diagnostic tests that are performed when there are visible signs, or symptoms of breast cancer, screening is done on seemingly healthy individuals, especially among those with a family history of breast cancer. The primary objective of screening is to identify cancer early, ideally when it is confined to the breast tissue, and has not spread to other parts of the body.

Regular breast cancer screening is essential for all women, particularly those over the age of 40 years old, or those with a family history of breast cancer. However, women with other high-risk factors as listed below may need to begin screening early:

• Age — as women age, the risk of breast cancer increases, with most cases diagnosed after the age of 50 [5].
• Dense breast — women with dense breasts [6] are more at risk of breast cancer, with the density making it harder to see tumours on a mammogram.
• Family history — a family history [8] of breast cancer increases the possibility of breast cancer.
  
• Genetics — inherited mutations to certain genes (BRCA1, and BRCA2 [9]) can increase the likelihood of developing breast cancer.
• Menstrual history — women who started menstruating before 12 years old, or started menopause after 55 years old are more at risk of developing breast cancer due to the long exposure to hormones [11].
• Previous breast cancer history — women with a previous history of breast cancer [12] are at risk of relapsing. Meanwhile, women with a history of benign breast diseases like lobular carcinoma in situ, or atypical ductal hyperplasia, are more prone to developing breast cancer.
• Previous radiation treatment — prior exposure to radiation [13] due to treatment to the chest, or breasts before 30 years old increases the risk of breast cancer.
• Alcohol consumption — a woman’s risk of developing breast cancer increases if she consumes alcohol at an excessive rate [14].
• Lifestyle — women who lead a sedentary, or not physically active lifestyle are at an increased risk of developing breast cancer.
• Weight — women who are considered overweight or obese [15] after going through menopause are more likely to develop breast cancer compared to those who maintain a healthy weight.

It is important to understand that consistent screening can significantly improve a woman’s chance of beating the cancer, as early detection may also include the following benefits:

• Early intervention and treatment
• More treatment options available
• Better outcomes and results
• Lowers the necessity for more aggressive treatments
• Higher quality of life post-recovery
• Reduces the mortality rate

Be that as it may, it is crucial to choose the appropriate screening method based on individual risk factors, age, and lifestyle. In fact, working closely with a licensed, and qualified medical practitioner will be advantageous, as they can help tailor a screening plan that best suits each woman’s needs.

Breast Cancer Screening Methods

There are various screening methods available today, each with its own unique benefits, and limitations. These include blood tests, imaging techniques like mammograms, ultrasounds, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for those at high risk. While there are many options available, the choice of screening method often depends on the individual’s risk profile, and medical history. The following briefly describes each method:

• Self examination — self examination involves checking your own breasts for lumps, changes in breast size or shape, nipple discharge or discolouration.
• Clinical breast exams — clinical examinations are performed by a trained doctor, who will check for breast abnormalities or lumps.
• Blood tests — Conventional blood tests can be undergone to detect breast cancer markers, as well as innovative advancements, such as Mastocheck (link to service page), which identifies specific biomarkers linked to early-stage breast cancer for earlier detection.
• Imaging tests — Imaging tests, such as mammograms, ultrasounds and magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs).
  

Each method plays a different role in breast cancer detection, and often, a combination of these tests may be necessary for comprehensive screening.

Blood Tests

Blood tests are often used to detect early signs of breast cancer. These tests work by identifying specific proteins, or markers, that cancer cells release into the bloodstream. To give an example, markers like CA 15-3, and CEA can sometimes indicate the presence of cancer, although these markers are not exclusively specific to breast cancer.

Even so, blood tests are valued for their non-invasive nature. They can be conducted quickly, with results available in a shorter time frame compared to imaging techniques. However, while blood tests can provide valuable information, they are not typically used as standalone diagnostic tools. Their sensitivity, and specificity are limited, meaning that they are better suited as supplementary tests rather than primary screening tools.

That being said, blood tests are particularly useful for monitoring patients who have already been diagnosed with cancer to track the effectiveness of treatment, or detect recurrences. Be that as it may, as a screening tool, blood tests should be paired with other methods like imaging for a more accurate diagnosis.

The Role of Mastocheck in Early Screening

At Ardennes Healthcare, our Mastocheck Early Breast Cancer Screening (link to service page) is a blood test that analyses specific protein biomarkers that are indicative of breast cancer. 

Unlike traditional blood tests that focus solely on inherited mutations, Mastocheck utilises advanced proteomic analysis to identify tumour-related proteins which are released by cancer cells and can serve as early indicators of tumour presence. This test is non-invasive, requiring only a blood sample, and can identify cancerous changes (disease-specific expression patterns) before they become visible through imaging. Hence, proteomics-based early diagnosis technology, like Mastocheck, greatly maximises diagnostic accuracy — with about 77% accuracy for stage 1-2 breast cancer.

However, it is essential to understand that while various blood tests can provide valuable insights into cancer risk, it is not a replacement for imaging techniques. Rather, it serves as a complementary tool, especially for those at higher risk of cancer (shows 10%-30% higher sensitivity compared to Mammography alone). Knowing your current cancer status through Mastocheck can help navigate the decision-making process regarding the frequency of follow-up screenings or the need for further diagnostic imaging. 

The benefits of Mastocheck

The benefits of Mastocheck screening include:

• Early detection — Mastocheck enables the identification of breast cancer in its earliest stages, even before it becomes detectable through conventional imaging methods.
• Non-invasive procedure — Mastocheck only requires a small blood sample, offering a stress-free and comfortable screening process.
• High accuracy — It utilises advanced molecular diagnostic techniques, which allows it to detect specific cancer-related biomarkers, ensuring precise and reliable results.
• Enhanced detection for dense breasts — Mastocheck is especially effective for women with dense breast tissue where traditional mammograms may fall short in detecting. It delivers 10% – 30% greater sensitivity compared to a mammogram alone.
• Optimised outcomes — Early detection with Mastocheck increases the likelihood of successful treatment outcomes and reduces the need for more aggressive treatments.
• Radiation-free — By detecting cancer biomarkers without using radiation, Mastocheck provides a safer alternative for breast cancer screening.
• Accessibility — Suitable for younger women (ages 20 – 40), pregnant women, and those with breast implants or dense breast tissue. 

Mammograms

Mammograms (link to service page) remain one of the most reliable screening tools for early breast cancer detection. This method involves using low-dose X-rays to examine breast tissue for any signs of tumours, or abnormal growths. For women aged 40, and above, regular mammograms are often recommended, as the risk of developing breast cancer increases with age.

A screening mammogram is typically done once every one to two years for women at average risk, while those at higher risk may need to undergo mammograms more frequently.

The benefits of mammograms are well-documented. In fact, they have been shown to reduce breast cancer mortality by enabling earlier diagnosis. However, some women may find the procedure uncomfortable due to the compression of breast tissue required for clear imaging. Additionally, mammograms do expose women to a small amount of radiation, but the risk is generally outweighed by the benefits of early detection. 

Ultrasound and MRI: Complementary Tools

While mammograms are effective for most women, certain cases may require additional imaging techniques, like ultrasounds, and MRIs.

Ultrasound imaging (link to service page) is particularly useful for women with dense breast tissue, where mammograms may not be as effective. Dense tissue can obscure tumours, making them harder to detect. Ultrasound also works using sound waves to create images of the breast tissues, allowing for better visualisation of abnormalities that may not appear on a mammogram.

Meanwhile, MRI is an advanced imaging technique, typically for high-risk individuals. MRIs use magnetic fields, and radio waves to create detailed images of the breast, making it possible to detect cancers that might be missed by mammograms, or ultrasounds. In fact, women with a strong family history of breast cancer, or those with known genetic mutations like BRCA1, or BRCA2 may benefit from regular MRIs in addition to mammograms.

Both ultrasounds and MRIs serve as complementary tools to mammograms, and are usually recommended when additional clarity is needed.

A comprehensive approach: Mammogram with Mastocheck

The importance of early detection in breast cancer

Early detection of breast cancer greatly improves survival rates and treatment outcomes. In fact, there is a 5-year relative survival rate for localised (tumour is confined to breast tissue) breast cancer is approximately 99%. This makes early detection of breast cancer and timely treatment paramount. 

Why combine Mammogram and Mastocheck?

• Mastocheck — Mastocheck is a blood-based test that detects specific biomarkers linked to breast cancer, and offers 77% accuracy for stage 1-2 breast cancer screening. In contrast, conventional single marker CA15-3 offers an accuracy of 10%. In comparison, Mastocheck has a higher sensitivity and more accuracy in early-stage detection.
• Mammogram — A Mammogram is a widely used imaging test that plays an important role in breast cancer detection, and is highly effective at visualising microcalcifications and small masses and tumours in the breast that can indicate early-stage cancers. This makes it a reliable, non-invasive way to detect cancer early and improve treatment outcomes. 

Combining a Mammogram with Mastocheck allows your doctor to detect structural changes in breast tissue and molecular changes in biomarkers that indicate early-stage breast cancer, offering a comprehensive significantly reducing the chances of false negatives. 

Undergoing a Mastocheck blood test can also reduce your need for unnecessary procedures and additional stress. This is because it provides additional confirmation when ambiguous findings are detected via the mammogram, helping differentiate between the benign and malignant abnormalities in the breast.

What to Expect During a Breast Cancer Screening

We understand that undergoing breast cancer can be a daunting experience. At Ardennes Healthcare, we strive to help alleviate anxiety, and ensure you are well-prepared. Here, we break down the step-by-step for our general breast cancer screening procedures that are available at our healthcare facility.

Initial Consultation and Pre-Screening Assessment

Your breast cancer screening journey typically begins with an initial consultation with our general physician. During the consultation, our doctor will review your medical history, including any personal, or family history of breast cancer. They may ask about your lifestyle, any current symptoms you are experiencing, and other risk factors that may impact your screening plan. This consultation is essential as it ensures that the screening method chosen is appropriate for your specific risk profile.

Blood Tests (if applicable)

For those opting for blood tests like the Mastocheck screening, the procedure is straightforward and quick. Our nurse will draw a blood sample from a vein in your arm. The process typically takes less than 10 minutes, and is relatively painless, with only a minor prick sensation. The sample is then sent to a laboratory for analysis to detect potential cancer markers. While you are permitted to go home immediately after the procedure is done, results are generally available within a few days to a week.

Mammogram

If your screening includes a mammogram, you will be asked to change into a hospital gown, and remove any jewellery or clothing above the waist. Our technician will then position your breast on a flat surface, and gently compress it with a clear plastic plate. This compression is necessary to get a clear image of the breast tissue, and may cause some discomfort, but it only lasts for a few seconds. The technician will take images from different angles, usually two per breast. A simple mammogram process takes about 20 minutes to complete.

After the imaging is complete, the radiologist will review the images for any signs of abnormalities. It may take a few days for you to receive your results. In the event any suspicious findings are detected, further diagnostic tests may be recommended.

Ultrasound

For women with dense breast tissue, or if additional imaging is needed, an ultrasound may be recommended. During an ultrasound, you will lie down while a technician applies a gel to your breast. A handheld device called a transducer is moved over the area to capture images using sound waves. This procedure is painless and takes about 15 to 30 minutes.

Post-Screening Consultation

Once all of the tests are completed, you may have a follow-up consultation to discuss the results. If abnormalities are found, our doctor provider will guide you through the next steps, which may include additional diagnostic tests, biopsies, or further imaging to confirm the presence of cancer.

How to Prepare for Breast Cancer Screening

Being well-prepared can help ensure a smooth, and effective screening experience. To help you prepare for your breast screening, here is a detailed guideline to get you started.

Step 1: Scheduling Your Appointment

When scheduling an appointment for breast screening, do remember to pick a date at least a week after your menstrual period. This is due to the fact that your breasts are less likely to be tender during this time. Doing so can help minimise discomfort during the procedure. Additionally, for women undergoing blood tests or other non-imaging tests, there are no specific timing requirements.

Step 2: Dress Comfortably

On the day of your screening, wear a two-piece outfit so that you can easily remove your top piece of clothing for imaging procedures. Avoid wearing deodorant, antiperspirant, powders, or lotions on your underarms or breasts, as these products can show up on mammogram images as white spots, potentially leading to false alarms.

Step 3: What to Bring

It is important to bring your identification, health insurance information, and any prior imaging results if you have been screened before. Having these past records allows our doctors, and radiologists to compare images, and detect any subtle changes in breast tissue over time.

Step 4: Pain Management

If you are concerned about discomfort during a mammogram, consider taking an over-the-counter pain reliever, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen, about an hour before your appointment. This can help alleviate any pain associated with breast compression. However, always speak with your doctor before taking any medication to prevent any complications.

Step 5: Preparing for an MRI

If you are scheduled for an MRI, inform the technician if you have any metal implants, pacemakers, or allergies, particularly to contrast dyes. You may need to fast for a few hours before the test if a contrast dye is being used. Additionally, do remember to remove any metal objects, such as jewellery, belts, or watches, before the scan, as this can disrupt the imaging process.

Step 6: Mental Preparation

For some women, the thought of undergoing a breast cancer screening can be anxiety-inducing, especially if it is their first time. But do remind yourself that these screenings are proactive steps toward maintaining your health, rather than dwelling on the possibility of malignancy. Some tips that can help ease your nerves before your appointment include deep breathing exercises, or listening to calming music. In fact, if asking questions can help reduce your anxiety, then do feel free to speak with our doctors to help you be more mentally prepared for the screening.

Step 7: Post-Screening Care

After your screening, there are generally no restrictions, and you can resume your normal activities immediately. However, if you experience any soreness after a mammogram, applying a cold compress can help reduce discomfort. For blood tests, keep the bandage on for a few hours to avoid bruises.

By following these preparation steps, and understanding what to expect, you can make your breast cancer screening experience as comfortable, and stress-free as possible.

Breast Cancer Screening Methods & Cost at a Glance

Feature	Mammogram	Ultrasound	Mastocheck
Purpose	Standard screening for breast cancer.	Complements mammograms and can be used to evaluate dense breast tissue.	Blood test for early detection of specific biomarkers for breast cancer.
Recommended for	Women over the age of 40 years old or have risk factors for breast cancer.	Women with dense breasts, palpable lumps or other possible breast cancer indicators.	Early detection or supplemental screening.
Technology	X-ray imaging, may sometimes include a contrast for Contrast Enhanced Mammogram (CEM).	Utilises targeted ultrasound waves to visualise breast tissue structures.	Blood sample analysed for cancer markers.
Sensitivity	High sensitivity, but may not be as effective for dense breast tissue	High sensitivity, but may miss small or early cancers.	High sensitivity and provides risk indication for early cancers, but not the specific tumour location. Good early-warning tool.
Radiation exposure	Low-dose radiation.	None.	None.
Cost	From $99	From $140	From $170

Take Charge of Your Breast Health Today

Breast cancer screening is a powerful tool that can save lives by catching cancer early, often before any symptoms appear. However, deciding on the right screening plan is a highly personalised process that takes into account factors such as age, family history, genetic predisposition, and lifestyle. Understanding your options empowers you to make informed decisions about your health, and overall well-being.

For women in their 40s, annual mammograms are often recommended. However, younger women with elevated risk factors may benefit from additional testing options, such as Mastocheck, or breast ultrasounds. It goes without saying that consulting with a licensed, experienced physician is essential to developing a sound screening strategy tailored to your specific needs. A personalised plan not only maximises the effectiveness of early detection, but also offers peace of mind, knowing that you are taking proactive steps to protect your health.

At Ardennes Healthcare, we are dedicated to empowering women with comprehensive breast health services. We offer advanced screening options, including the Mastocheck test, to ensure you receive the best possible care. Our team is committed to providing personalised guidance every step of the way, helping you achieve optimal outcomes.

Remember, early detection is key. Take control of your breast health today! Schedule your screening appointment (link to contact us page) with us, and embark on a proactive journey toward wellness.

References

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